Lowering Use of Copper Sulfate Without Losing Effectiveness

By Patrick Simmsgeiger, CEO of DWI


For years applicators have been using all forms of copper sulfate in attempts to control the growth of various species of alga. As we all desire to preserve our environment, most particularly the water, we have sought other products that are more environmentally friendly. We have double chelated the copper sulfate content of our products. We have tried everything from UV lighting, bacteria, and enzymes to barley straw. We’ve all heard the stories- we’ve tested their effectiveness and we’ve mostly gone back to what we know will work- copper sulfate.

In recent years our company began testing quite a few of these alternate products. The one obvious conclusion we came to is that the effectiveness of some of these products really depends on the percentage of active ingredients. Many claim to be effective, but in comparison testing, the products that are truly effective are the products with the higher percentage of active ingredient(s).

We are a company that was dead set against the new wave of bacteria and enzymes, as our field tests yielded no results. After five years of testing various bacteria, we found a strain of bacteria in a strength that actually produced results. Not only did it yield results, it reduced the amount of copper sulfate products needed.

In our testing we found a bacteria level that seemed to “boost” the effectiveness of copper sulfate, thereby reducing the use of chemicals. To us this was a “win, win” combination that we pursued with more filed testing.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Aquatic Maintenance.

Protecting Your Body Image

By Patrick Simmsgeiger, Founder of DWI


Community water features are intended to add elegance and ambiance; however, your body of water: a lake, or a pond, can quickly become your slimiest headache. Any abnormalities in the sight or smell, any malfunctions with the pumps or valves, or any shifts in the habitat are all situations that could cause your body of water to become your stressful problem. The fact is whether natural or man-made, every body of water requires attention and maintenance to preserve its beauty and functionality. All bodies of water experience problems; some are seen, some are unseen.

Man-made bodies of water like the ones that exist in apartment communities, condominiums, and golf courses are built, filled and left to the association or property management company to maintain. The water features are designed to compliment the property, serving as an aesthetic element. Unfortunately, the initial design of a water feature is crucial to proper function; but more often than not, a lake maintenance company is not consulted prior to the design and build. Still, lake maintenance professionals accept this and can move forward effectively, knowing how the design will affect the functionality.

Typically, the association or property management company personnel responsible for the maintenance of the on site water features have many other responsibilities. When put in charge of maintaining a man-made body of water, a relationship with a professional lake maintenance company will relieve your burden, making your task less strenuous.

Example: if your water feature has strange, slimy globs of green matter covering the surface, huge mats of a bizarre grass floating up from the bottom, the water is pea soup green, the pumps have ceased functioning, a large number of fish are either dead or dying, the waterfall has stopped running and the one remaining pump is making strange noises, what would you d0?

As the person responsible for the water feature, you may know much about the details of maintenance or the source of these problems; however, if you’ve established a relationship with a lake maintenance company you can trust them to handle the situation quickly and efficiently- with your property’s interests in mind.

Lake maintenance professionals are trained to help solve, and more importantly, to prevent problems such as the one provided in the example above. Chances are, if you’re the person in charge of your community’s water features, you also have many other responsibilities and slimy green globs over the surface of your body of water are likely the last item of business you want to think about. A proactive relationship with lake maintenance professionals will prevent your waterscape from ever reaching such an unhealthy state.

Working in conjunction with the person responsible for the management of a water feature and the board of directors, the lake maintenance professional not only sustains the water quality, but also brings items that need repair to the attention of the board, usually via the management company. The management company submits the recommendation for repair to the board, which is approved, denied or tabled. Many times, despite hiring a reputable lake maintenance company, the board will deny a repair or replacement recommendation because it was not preemptively accounted for in the annual budget.

With man-made water features, the initial problem could be brewing months before the effects ever surface. Too often lake maintenance companies are fallen in to “fix” a problem, and to do so immediately. Unfortunately, the true restoration or repair of a water feature involves time and patience. It took time to reach the unsightly state it will take time for it to repair. In order to avoid those situations, the proactive solution is: budget and reserve planning coupled with a regularly scheduled maintenance program.

Problem prevention starts with budgeting. Your lake maintenance professional can assist with your budgeting and planning. Lake maintenance companies are hired for their experience and knowledge- but they’re not just a “fix-it” team. Of course, they are knowledgeable about restoration; but they are also specialists in prevention. As a member of a property management company, you can contact them during your planning stages to get a grasp on which prevention or regular maintenance schedules are needed throughout the year. This will help you prevent larger and much more expensive problems from occurring.

This does not mean there won’t be problems; instead, this means there will be solutions. Lake maintenance professionals can provide you solutions for recovery and prevention. They have the field service technicians who do the actual work. These technicians know the steps to take in the treatment and restoration of the water and what to do in the event of equipment malfunction. Their office personnel are trained to assist in times of trouble, offer solutions, and keep the lines of communication open.

The lake, pond, or stream maintenance provider who implements your maintenance program should be a professional. The company should be able to provide proof of experience through verifiable, long-term references; as well as proof licenses, permits, general liability, workman’s compensation, and vehicle insurance. If you want to keep your body of water healthy and balanced, using a professional of good repute, regular maintenance of the aeration, the filtration, the pumps, the aquatic plants, the water, and the pest control is vital.

Once you find a company with these qualifications, you are on your way to enjoying a headache-free approach to maintaining your body of water.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Aquatic Maintenance, Water Feature.

Shallow Water Management

This was compiled to aid others when seeking information on the principles that govern water quality of shallow lakes, ponds or water gardens. The emphasis is on recognizing, relating, and assimilating water conditions, along with strategies and solutions to maintain this valuable resource, for no lake was ever just water!

After establishing a goal for the water, I then review the “What” and “Why” for each water factor, along with the methods of maintenance or restoration. I hope that this information is adequate to evaluate issues and their impact on the aquatic ecosystems, with remedial alternatives needed before taking a course of action, and not relying on emotion or half-truths for guidance.

I look upon working with aquatic ecosystems as the most satisfying and enjoyable of pursuits, hobby… classify if you will. For me it is recreation, exercise, relaxation, and tranquility, all rolled into one.

I dedicate this to all the people whose work gave me some understanding of water chemistry and fisheries biology. It is their work that forms the basis for protecting, renovating and enhancing all water resources.

MYTHS VS. FACTS

When I’m tired of the hustle-bustle of every day life, I go to the water’s edge and leave the day’s pressures behind. Life moves slower here. This is my cherished sanctuary, a place beyond time. Here I can reserve my choice of dreams and exit rejuvenated.

In my mind’s eye I seek an “unaltered natural environment”, but what is that? I’m not old enough to have seen what a natural environment was really like! I do know that lakes typically progress to an environment that favors plant life over animal life. So I look for that point in the aging process of a water body, where it has a great diversity of aquatic life. However reaching and maintaining this goal, I need to assistance mature.

What quality cannot be controlled without considering the use of the surrounding land. Everything I do on my street, in my driveway , and yard impacts the watershed. Human adoption and stewardship of the watershed leads to a more comprehensive, responsible, and cooperative means to limit water contaminants.

From the watershed come the inorganic materials (minerals from the soil) and the organic materials (decomposing plants and animals) providing essential elements for the living organisms. Inorganic and organic material along with photosynthesis (energy from the sun), are the building blocks of the natural cycle of growth, decay, and re-growth of the aquatic ecosystems.

The health of the food chain mirrors the health of the entire aquatic ecosystem. Each succeeding level of the food chain is dependent on the health of the level below it. Observing these aquatic biological communities gives a good indication of the long-term health of the water body. This is more fun for use than physical-chemical analysis however, only chemical analysis of constituents in the water can confirm the potential problems, such as loss of buffering capacity, low oxygen level, etc., and the presence of specific pollutants.

“Water bodies are a waste of precious water in this arid environment, with our recurring drought conditions.”

The annual difference in water usage between a body of water and a lawn area is about 35%. The use of water lilies and other aquatic plants will reduce evaporation by another 10%. By using good construction techniques, evaporation can be help to a minimum. Some of these techniques include 18-24 inches straight sides, wind breaks, and use of timers for fountains or waterfalls for when you’re outside to enjoy them.

Not only is this an erroneous assumption for good water use, but it fails to recognize the psychological benefits.

“Algae is often thought to be the greatest nuisance in water management.”

The real problem is excess nutrients in the water/ sediment. Algae is just an indicator of this condition. The use of aquatic vegetation to remove the nutrients from the water is more satisfying than looking at large populations of algae. The Herbicide Industries Marketing people have done an excellent job in convincing me that all aquatic vegetation were weeds. In their ads, everything is an aquatic weed, not an aquatic plant, and I believed it! I destroyed the aquatic vegetation, only to find that the natural law of succession decrees that when one species does or is destroyed, another will immediately rise to take its place, with no guarantee that the new life form will not be equally or more troublesome than the first!

“If it’s not broken, don’t fix it.”  

This may be true for some things, but not water management. When I waited till the problem starts to hamper my enjoyment of the water, it was too late! I must know my water and plan ahead.

“Water lilies and water hyacinths are prolific, and are a notorious nuisance.”

The problem associated with water lilies and/ or water hyacinth have been greatly exaggerated. When used correctly, these plans are of great worth, controlling nutrients and providing visual enjoyment.

 

SETTING GOALS 

It is difficult to establish goals that will be supported by all who will come in contact with a water body. Every individual has his own personalized idea of what each water body should be.

But first ask some questions. Is the water body located in a urban, suburban, or rural community? Is it cold water, temperate water, or a warm body of water? Does the water have a soil-covered liner, clay, or concrete bottom? Does the water have a vegetated, or a concrete shore line? Does the water body have a watershed? If not, is its fill water from a private well? From a water district? Or is it reclaimed water? Do I want fish in the water? If so, what kind- sport, ornamental, or other? Will I want plants in the water? If so, what kind- marginal, submerged, or floating? Would I like a complete food chain ecosystem? Will swimming be allowed? All are possible!

With those questions answered, plans can be made that appeal to your aesthetic senses.

Federal and state laws have been enacted which establish the requirements for adequate planning, implementation, management, and enforcement for control of water quality. It is known as the “The Clean Water Act,” – 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The fundamental purpose of Federal and State laws is to protect the beneficial use of water. The Beneficial Use Definition, “(WARM) Warm Freshwater Habitat- Water, supports warm water ecosystems” is the area that this book addresses.

 

WATER FACTORS

The availability or lack of these elements is essential for aquatic life!

 

GLOSSARY

Alkalinity:

  • A measurement of the buffering capacity of water which prevents sudden changes in pHAlkalinity levels of 25-120 ppm with pH values between 7.3 and 8 are recognized as the best for the support of diversified aquatic life.

  • Composed primarily of carbonate (CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3). AlkalinitypH, and Hardness affect the toxicity of many substances in the water.

Ammonia:

  • NH3

  • Ammonia decreases the ability of fish to take oxygen into the blood and can cause suffocation. Ammonia levels as low as 0.2 ppm can damage gills and central nervous system, reduce feeding, and lowers resistance to disease.

  • Present as ammonia the unionized (NH3) form which is extremely toxic to fish, and ammonium, the ionized (NH4) form.

  • Ammonia is produced by a bacteria (Heterotrophic) which consumes complex hydrocarbons (organic waste) derived from the breakdown of plant and protein cells. Ammonia levels are pHoxygen, and temperature dependent. (See Nutrient Cycle).

Carbon Dioxide:

  • CO2

  • Excess carbon dioxide can be stressful to fish at very high levels, as it hinders oxygen uptake and has a narcotic effect on fish behavior. Toxicity to carbon dioxide varies by fish type, water temperature and dissolved oxygencontent.

  •  CO2 is produced during respiration and consumed during photosynthesis. Carbon Dioxide levels fluctuate throughout the day, just opposite the oxygen level. Aquatic plants and algae absorb carbon dioxide when they give off oxygen, and give off carbon dioxide when they absorb oxygen.

  • Carbon dioxide has a beneficial effect by changing the pH needed for the Nitrogen Cycle. (See pH Time Line).

Chloride:

  • HCL2

  • -Toxic- A poison gas, that is 2½ times heavier than air, or as a poison liquid 1½ times heavier than water. As thepH increases, the toxicity of chlorine is reduced; i.e., pH 7.0 the CL2 is 75% effective; at pH 7.5 it is 48% effective; and at pH 8.0 it is only 22% effective.

Chloramine:

  • NH2CL

  • -Toxic- A poison liquid, which contains 11.5-13% chlorine and ammonia.

Color:

  • A slight green color is an indicator of planktonic life. This indicates that there is a food source for the animals of the lower food chain.

  • For aesthetic reasons it is possible to use aquatic dye, formulated to add a aqua-blue-green shade to the color of the water. Psychologically, this makes it look cooler and more inviting. Caution: Don’t overdo it. Water needs some color/ turbidity to camouflage objects you don’t want to see.

Copper:

  •  CU

  • Cupper exists in waters as a soluble salt. A small amount is essential for plants’ and animals’ growth. Coppershould not exceed tolerable limits, or use when alkalinity is less than 500 ppm.

  • Copper in the form of copper sulfate (CuCO4), has been used in acquiculture systems as an algaecide and a bactericide; however, even low levels can be toxic. (Use with caution.)

  • High pH and alkalinity levels will make complex forms of copper, reducing its toxicity. It is suggested that you usechelated copper compounds due to their larger band of tolerance

Tolerance for fish life only

Copper sulfate 8.88 ppm

Chelated copper 1.20 ppm

Dissolved Oxygen:

  • O2

  • Fish, invertebrates, plants, and aerobic bacteria all require oxygen for respiration. Oxygen requirements of fish vary with the species and age of the fish, prior acclimatization temperature, and concentrations of other substances in the water. The rule of thumb is 5.0 ppm. Dissolved oxygen levels affect ammonia and nitritetoxicity.

  • Oxygen dissolves readily into water from the atmosphere at the water surface interface, so surface area is more important than depth. Oxygen diffuses very slowly, and distribution depends on the circulation/ mixing of the water. Oxygen is also produced by aquatic plants and algae, as a by-product of photosynthesis.

  • The temperature effect on oxygen is compounded by the fact that living organisms increase their activity in warm water, thus requiring more oxygen to support their metabolism. Summer nights with decreased capacity and increased oxygen demand is the most critical time.

  • Dissolved oxygen capacity of water is limited by temperature, salinity, and atmospheric pressure/ altitude. These factors determine the potential level possible for 100% saturation. Actual dissolved oxygen divided by potential dissolved oxygen = % saturation.

  • Excess oxygen leaves water slowly. Sometimes oxygen levels exceed 100% saturation (supersaturation). This can be detrimental to fish production which is usually caused by rapid drop in temperature or high density algae growth (photosynthesis). Supersaturated daytime concentrations may suggest that nighttime concentrations ofoxygen may be unacceptable.

  • Aquatic plants and algae start to put oxygen into the water after sunrise, stopping at sundown. The aquatic plants and algae remove oxygen from the water, starting after sunset, and continuing till the next day’s sun. The best time to check oxygen and carbon dioxide levels is at daybreak. This is when the oxygen and pH are the lowest.

  • It is more cost effective to operate circulators, starting after the aquatic plants and algae start to take in oxygen. This will keep the water cooler in the summer as you are running circulators at the coolest time of the day and at the same time adding oxygen from the surface interface as it is being removed by respiration.

Hardness:

  • Soft water increases the sensitivity of fish to toxic materials, so some hardness is beneficial. However, excessive hardness in water can limit the Nutrient Cycle and other aquatic functions. Total hardness is defined as the concentration of calcium (CA2) and magnesium (MG2) in the water. Calcium is necessary for proper egg, bone, and tissue development of young fish. Hardness is closely related to alkalinity and pH.

  • Soft: 0-50

  • Moderately soft: 50-100

  • Slightly soft: 100-150

  • Moderately hard: 150-200

  • Hard: 200-350

  • Very hard: 350-up

Hydrogen Sulfide:

  • H2S

  • The source of hydrogen sulfide is sulfur compounds from decomposing organic matter in an oxygen-less environment. Hydrogen sulfide is soluble in water and is highly toxic.

Iron:

  • Fe

  • Iron typically forms as a result of low oxygen and can be removed by circulation. Fish have a low tolerance to even low concentrations of iron.

Nitrate:

  • NO2

  • Nitrite is toxic to fish. It reduces the red blood cells’ ability to carry oxygen. Brown blood disease, a problem with catfish, is caused by toxic levels of nitrites, which can occur when salinity and oxygen levels are too low.

Sodium chloride – Nitrate Ratio:

  • A minimum of 6ppm sodium chloride for each ppm of nitrite should be present in water.

  • NO2 x 6 – salinity present = ppm salt needed

  • Acre feet x ppm salt needed x 4.55 = pounds salt required

  • Note: do not use iodized salt.

Nitrogen: See Nitrite

  • N

  • Nitrogen gas does not combine easily with other elements and cannot be used by most living things directly from the atmosphere. Nitrogen has from the atmosphere is fixed by bacteria (Azotobacter agilis) in the soil and water to form nitriteNitrite is changed by another bacteria into nitrateNitrate is used by plants and other animals. It goes through their system and is reduced into ammonia. The ammonia is changed by another bacteria into nitrite to go through the cycle over and over again. Nitrogen is essential to manufacture proteins that are vital for formation of new protoplasm in the cells. The bacterium that converts nitrogen through its cycle functions poorly below 60°F or with low oxygen levels.

  • Nitrogen itself must be above 100% saturation to be toxic. The atmosphere is 79% nitrogen which is 14.9ppm @ 68°F/29.9 at atmospheric pressure = 100% saturation.

Odor:

  • The smell of rotten eggs indicates decaying organic material, hydrogen sulfide. A marsh odor is characteristic ofmethane. A fishy smell is associated with dead algae. The pigpen is an indication of blue greens.

pH:

  • pH is a measurement of activity of hydrogen ions. pH controls the degree of dissociation of many substances. The greatest concern with pH is how it affects the toxicity of many other substances, and its effect on the NitrogenCycle. The test for pH should be at daybreak, for this is the time when the pH is the lowest. The optimum range for good water quality is 7.3 at daybreak – 8.0 at sundown.

Phosphorus: See Orthophosphate

  • P

  • Phosphorus is essential for bone formation and aquatic plant growth.

Pollution:

  • Pollution is a way of life, and must be faced squarely and dealt with on a continuing basis; you cannot just look the other way! Silt is one of the most serious problems in water management; even a small amount can smother fish eggs and other bottom life forms.

  • Like many others, I was faced with the “catch 22″ situation of using fertilizer on turf near water, with the fear that I was polluting the water, due to nitrogen leaching. Recent research has shown that very little nitrogen moves past the root-zone and the risk of pollution is much lower than originally though. Researchers have concluded that established landscapes’ own biological activity is able to use up to 99% of the applied nitrogen fertilizer. Less than 0.01ppm nitrogen moves past the root-zone.

Orthophosphate:

  • PO4

  • Orthophosphate enters water bodies from industrial operations and sewage. Other sources are the decay of plants/ animals, with some deposition occurring from the atmosphere (100-300mg/square meter per year) as soil run-off. To reduce levels of Orthophosphate, focus on surface inputs. The largest source of Orthophosphate is detergent use in driveways. Excessive Orthophosphate can cause unwanted growth of algae, and will lead to a point where the water ceases to be enjoyable.

  • Orthophosphate, unlike nitrogen, will not percolate through soil; Orthophosphate binds to particles such as clay, so that its concentration in ground water is very low.  A favorite long term method to reduce Orthophosphate is to grow aquatic plants and later remove the plants, taking the excess nutrients with them (dry weight = 2.36% N, 1.75% P, 4.01% P2O5, 1.10% K, 1.33% K2O, 0.60% S, 0.19% Mg, 1.82% Ca, 0.27% Na). For a quick fix, the use of 100-160lbs. of aluminum sulfate or 40-120lbs. of ferric sulfate per acre will deposit the phosphates in the bottom sediment.

  • The upward movement of Orthophosphate from the lake sediment to the overlying water is usually due to lack ofoxygen at the lake bottom. Circulation of oxygen-rich water over the bottom will keep Orthophosphate locked in the sediments, unavailable for aquatic plants or algae.

  • Phosphoric anhydride (P2O5) is sometimes reported, which is the same as Orthophosphate, but in a dry state.

Salinity:

  • Salinity affects the ability of fish to absorb oxygen. In water bodies with existing high nitrite levels, sodium chloridewill often be added to prevent the fish from succumbing to nitrite toxicity. Salinity is usually reported as SodiumNa. Freshwater fish cannot tolerate fast changes in salinity.

Temperature:

  • Many biological processes are triggered by the water temperature, feeding, reproduction, immunity, and metabolism of most aquatic life. Not only is there a maximum temperature to aquatic life can live, but the solubility of oxygen in water, along with its availability to aquatic life, diminishes at higher temperatures. Furthermore, theoxygen demand by aquatic life increases as temperature rises.

  • Fish larvae and eggs usually have narrower temperature requirements than adult fish. Temperature preference among species varies widely. All species can tolerate some slow, seasonal changes, but not rapid change. Thermal stress and shock can occur when water temperature changes more than 34 degrees F in 24 hours; even less when transporting or moving fish.

  • Note: A large amount of heat is required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree F. This physical property of water moderates daily and seasonal climatic changes in water temperature.

Total Dissolved Solids:

  • TDS

  • Total Dissolved solids is defined as the material left behind after a water sample is filtered and evaporated. Each body of water contains a unique mixture of dissolved materials. A convenient alternative to measuring, drying, and weighing a sample is to test the conductivity of the water. The amount of material dissolved in a sample determines its ability to conduct electricity. Conductivity meters check the flow of electricity in the water. Conductivity (µmhos/cm) x 0.67 = total dissolved solids as ppm. Rainwater is almost pure with less than 10ppm. Drinking water is usually less than 500ppm, and lakes are between 100-2000ppm. Seawater is 35,000 ppm (3.5%).

Turbidity:

  • Turbidity is caused by suspended solid matter, which scatters light passing through water. Turbidity, cloudiness in water, blocks out the light needed by submerged aquatic vegetation, eggs, and bottom dwelling creatures. There are two major forms of turbidity.

  • Living microscopic organism plankton contributes to high turbidity when populations are large. Plankton turbidity also result in large swings of high oxygen during the day and low oxygen at night. Moderately low levels of plankton turbidity indicate a healthy, well-functioning ecosystem in which plankton flourish at a reasonable level to support the foundation of the food chain.

  • Nonliving microscopic particles, sand, clay, etc., cause turbidity which damages fish gills, interferes with the ability of fish to food and smothers eggs. This type of turbidity consistently has low levels of dissolved oxygen (low photosynthesis action is due to low light penetration) and elevated concentrations of ammonia. Suspended particles near the water surface absorb additional heat from sunlight, raising the water temperature; and with reduced oxygen, both increases the toxicity of the ammonia. This condition will also smother the aerobic bacteria needed for bioremediation.

  • Heavy rains can also cause brown turbidity conditions. The cause is negatively charged particles. These particles repel each other and are slow to settle out of the water column. The addition of positivity charged particles causes coagulation and precipitation of nonliving microscopic articles, reducing turbidity.

 

PLANKTONIC LIFE

Planktonic Life’s profound importance is not honored, but the truth be known they are basic to life! This is the start of the food chain; nutrients and sunlight (photosynthesis) are used by the phytoplankton to grow and multiply in water, same as other plants do on the land. Phytoplankton are eaten by small fish, which are eaten by larger fish, moving the trapped energy from plant protein to a higher energy level, to animal protein.

Planktonic Life includes microscopic plants and animals; others can be seen without magnification. Visible Planktonic Life is one millimeter, 1/25 inch in size or larger, and include protozoa, amoebas, and paramecium. Next are 1/200 mm which include algae and fungi, then 1/1000 mm, the most primitive of living forms; bacteria and blue-greens.

Planktonic plants are called phytoplankton; the best known are the algae. Planktonic animals are called zooplankton; one of the most abundant is the water flea. Plants and animals that drift on the current are called plankton. Animals that swim are called nekton. Animals that are attached to and crawling on the surface of the bottom of a water body are called benthos.

The protoplasm of Planktonic Life is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. Small amounts of chlorinechloramines,iodineozonepotassium permanganate, and copper can inhibit planktonic life.

 

GLOSSARY

Algae:

  • The algae are primitive plants closely related to the fungi. They have no true leaves, stems, or root system. They reproduce by means of spores, cell division, or fragmentation.

  • Carbohydrate and sugar energy can be stored by algae for later use, and is the basic food for all living things.Algae are sometimes called “the green miracle”; it transmutes sun energy, carbon dioxide and hydrogen from water into carbohydrate or sugar energy. It also replenishes the atmosphere with oxygen. This is only half truth, for in fresh water, when the algae population is growing, it takes in more oxygen at night than it gives off during the day, requiring additional oxygen transfer from the water interface to support aquatic life. In addition, the presence of large populations of algae reduces oxygen transfer from the atmosphere as it reduces the wind and wave action at the surface interface.

  • Algae spores can be carried by the wind, and naturally occurs wherever water and light exist. Don’t be alarmed; learn to recognize and use algae as an indicator of nutrient loading. When the nutrient level is so high that the aquatic vegetation cannot consume it fast enough, filamentous algae occur. If the nutrient loading is still too high; the next indicator is free floating phytoplankton (green water) algae.

  • Attached – erectfilamentous, and phytoplankton are the three most common forms dealt with in water management. When aquatic vegetation is not available, attached – erect algae is the second choice for locking up excess nutrients. A slight green color of the water is an indicator of phytoplankton growth. Changing from green to brown indicates it is dying.

Zooplankton:

  • Zooplankton are primitive animals of the lower food chain; i.e., invertebrates, crustaceans, etc.

  • Water fleas are tiny crustaceans. An adult female Water Flea in good health may produce up to 20 broods of young in a two-three day period when the water is right. Water fleas’ blood is colorless or pale pink when oxygenis high, and bright red when low.

Bacteria:

  • Bacteria forms are based on what are termed saprophytes. These are organisms that can only utilize non-living organic carbon matter. Nature’s way of nutrient recycling is largely dependent upon bacteria. One group ofbacteria starts a process, which is then continued by another team. Bacteria recycle the raw elements, lifting them to a higher level of energy.

  • This energy is used for vitamins and enzymes for itself and higher life forms. Bacteria have been on the earth for 4.6 billion years, but in some waters, their population are too small. The maximum growth temperature is 77-86 degrees (F). At 64 degrees (F) the growth rate is cut to 50%

  • Copper Levels must be below 0.05ppm!

  • With the correct environment, bacteria can grow more rapidly, and out-compete the algae for available nutrients. Under ideal conditions nitrifying bacteria will double in population every 15 hours. The by-products of this process are carbon dioxide, water, and bacterial biomass, which is rich in protein. Bacteria are the key to keep the cycles of life flowing.

Saprophytic Non-pathogenic Bacteria:

  • Azotobacter: A rapidly motile form of bacteria which fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrite.

  • Nitrosomonas: One of the nitrite-forming bacteria having to do with oxidizing ammonia to nitrite (pH 7.8-8.0)

  • NitrocaberNitrate-producing bacteria which oxidizes nitrites to nitrates, (pH 7.3-7.5). This bacteria is not tolerant to low temperature or low oxygen.

Blue-Greens:

  • Blue-Greens are often described with terms “nuisance” or “noxious” because they discolor the water, form floating scums, are foul-smelling, and occasionally cause the death of fish and other animals. But only three deserve this reputation; they are known as:

  • AnnieFannie, and MikeBlue-Greens are not true algae, and probably were the first living cells on earth. In fact, they have a closer relationship with bacteriaCyanobacteria means blue-green. While they are called Blue-Greens, their pigmentation varies widely and includes yellow-green, green-gray-green, gray-black, and even red.Blue-Greens have a better growth rate over true algae by having positive buoyancy; they shade out the true algae. Low carbon dioxide may be a sign of Blue-Greens, as only life forms at the water surface can make use of the new carbon dioxide moving into the water from the atmosphere. Also low nitrogen may be a sign of Blue-Greens.  It nitrate (NO3) is depleted, true algae cease to grow, whereas Blue-Greens can mobilize nitrogen they have stored or convert nitrogen like other nitrogen fixing bacteria.

  • Blue Greens have the tendency to rise to the surface in early morning and sink in the mid-late afternoon.

Enzymes:

  • Produced by living organisms and function as a biochemical catalysts for bacteria to carry on their life functions. (Enzymes do not grow and reproduce as do bacteria.) Bacteria are very versatile in producing the appropriateenzymes for the material present, and with existing conditions.

  • Commercial enzymes are extracted bacteria grown under specific conditions, which a specific food source. The match between commercially-supplied enzymes and the enzyme needs for your bacteria are seldom accomplished. The formulations of enzymes do not have the versatility of bacteria formulations. In some cases, commercial enzymes can cause the bacteria to convert organic matter that is in a form unavailable  as a nutrient to a form that is available, thereby aggravating the algae problem.

Hydralytic Enzymes:

  • Amylase: digestion of starch.

  • Beta-Glucanose: digestion of vegetable gums.

  • Cellulose: digestion of cellulosic particles (plants).

  • Nemicellulase: digestion of plant polysaccharides and gums.

  • Lipase: digestion of fats and oils.

  • Pectinase: digestion of fruit containing waste.

  • Proteinase: digestion of protein.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Aquatic Maintenance, Pond Maintenance, Water Feature.

Spring Cleaning Isn’t Just for Your Garage

By Patrick Simmsgeiger, Founder of DWI


Sun glistening off a lake is a simple Summer pleasure we take for granted. Summer is the most beautiful season to enjoy a pond, lake, or water feature. This pleasure, however, requires maintenance – throughout the year – to preserve the appearance and function of lakes, by making sure they reach Equilibrium.

Equilibrium ensures balance in the water, keeping lakes maintained and functioning. Equilibrium is achieved when water is balanced; this occurs where natural decomposition is balanced with the amount of chemicals and organic materials entering the water. It is important to professionally maintain water features because the balance of any water feature can change over time and reduce the effectiveness of beneficial organisms - compromising the health of the water features.

Winter Contamination

The equilibrium and summertime beauty of a pond, lake, or any water feature can be seriously threatened by problems that develop months in advance, during the winter! Problems that occur during winter months are:

  • Biodegradation slows during the winter.

  • Rainfall can change the chemical balance of the water feature(s).

  • Increased debris from trees enter the water.

  • Runoff caused by rainfalls move fertilizers and debris in to the water.

  • Water lacks circulation and holds more suspended material.

Biodegradation occurs when organisms in the water break down the leaves, bird waste, and dead fish – biodegradation helps to keep the waters balanced, but this process slows in the winter. The combination of decreased biodegradation and increased debris entering the water and a lack circulation during the winter can lead to substantial problems in the summer.

Spring Renovation

Spring is the crucial time to ensure winter occurrences do not compromise the appeal of your lake in the summer. Neglecting lakes during the winter and spring can result in serious problems during the summer. Similar to the spring-cleaning we do in our homes, spring renovation for lakes is vital to bring the body of water to equilibrium.

A program of clarification, proper water circulation and sunlight can correct winter contamination. The goal is to reduce organic matter suspended in the water, adjust the balance of water to be favorable to chemical break down, and improve the oxygen content.

Every pond, lake, or water feature requires professional maintenance to sustain or restore its essential beauty. In addition to the simplicity of their elegance, lakes are for our recreational enjoyment, they add to our property values and provide simple summer pleasure. Ponds, lakes, and water features are worth the investment of maintenance by knowledgeable professionals, to reach and sustain equilibrium.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Aquatic Maintenance, Lake Maintenance, Pond Maintenance, Water Feature.

Summer Heat and Aquatic Environments

By Patrick Simmsgeiger, Founder of DWI


Heat and its Effects

Summer heat can play havoc with water systems in smaller private properties and larger scale HOA’s. Everything that has gone into the water feature during the winter months; leaves, rain water, runoff from neighboring yards (carrying fertilizers, soap from washing cars, and debris) will affect the water once the heat of summertime hits. Not to mention the bird waste and decomposition of fish that have died.

What Will Happen

When the heat hits the decomposition (of all the debris and runoff I just mentioned) that was slow during the cooler months kicks into high gear and starts the oxygen level and changing the chemical balance of the water. This environment is perfect for all sorts of nuisance weeds, algae, and bugs to grow and multiply at an alarming rate. Subsequently your beautiful water feature will end up with a rapid growth of all types of aquatic weeds, algae displaying itself as green unappealing water, and, on some occasions will be accompanied by a disgusting odor and midge flies (those pesky little things everyone thinks are mosquitoes).

What Action to Take

In the best case scenario you’ll want your properties to take a pro-active stance during the cooler months when the water’s surface may look good but underneath that surface all the ingredients are “gathering to make for a big show” when summer comes around.

  • Ensure your properties’ water features have good, properly operating and maintained aeration, circulation, pump, and filtration systems all year round. Everyone will be happier with the way the HOA water feature looks when the sun does being to beat down on it.

  • During the cooler months it’s also a good idea to treat the water with products made specifically for aquatic environments.

  • Making sure your waterscape vendor is getting a handle on things prior to the heat of summer will prevent a myriad of problems as neglecting a water feature during cooler seasons can result in serious and/ or unsightly problems in the summer.

  • When those hot summer months and/ or lack of proper care do strike you can count on your waterscape professional to take a very aggressive approach. The aquatic professional will have the tools at hand to treat the rapid growth of algae and aquatic weeds and those pesky midge flies. The end result being an aquatic environment that is aesthetically pleasing to all.

Bottom Line

Care for the water feature year round and it will provide you with years and years of enjoyment.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Aquatic Maintenance, Water Feature.

The Trouble That Lies Beneath

By Patrick Simmsgeiger, Founder of DWI


Natural Waterways may appear to maintain their beauty and health without any special attention. So, it can be easy for us to presume that our own man-made ponds, lakes and streams will fare just as well with little intervention. But in reality, quite the opposite is true.

Because of environmental factors and human impact, natural waterways require constant monitoring and care. That is why our cities, counties and states spend significant financial and human resources in order to preserve these natural wonders and maintain water quality.

Things aren’t so different for our man-made aquatic features. The beautiful ponds, lakes and moving water that we design into our landscapes also require monitoring and maintenance in order to keep them beautiful and healthy.

We have all seen it- that problem pond that looks like an opaque bowl of split pea soup or the lake that has so much muck floating around you can hardly see the water (all of which are due to common algae). Or we’ve witnessed a sudden and inexplicable die-off of aquatic life, like fish or plants. Problems such as these are unsightly and putrid at best. At worst, they can pose a health threat as a source for mosquitoes that spread deadly diseases like the West Nile Virus.

We all recognize when problems occur but how many of us can effectively diagnose and treat them? And how can we prevent such conditions in the first place?

One important bit of advice would be to emphasize proper design when creating our aquatic features. But, as it is likely that many of you have already installed or “adopted” an existing aquatic feature, this bit of advice may not be helpful for everyone. And keep in mind, even the best designs aren’t immune to water quality issues.

Also, remember to set aside adequate financial resources to maintain and, if needed, replace the complex equipment that operates your aquatic features. Many water quality issues can be traced to inadequate, failing or faulty equipment such as pumps, filters, drainages and more. As if often the case, this is an aspect of maintenance that is overlooked or neglected due to a lack of understanding, a lack of budget or both.

Trying to manage all of this can seem intimidating and overwhelming- especially if your aquatic features are already experiencing water quality issues. This is where the services of an aquatic maintenance provider might be of real help.

A licensed, knowledgeable and experienced professional can provide the foresight and insight to help keep our aquatic features healthy and attractive by not only solving problems quickly and efficiently, but also offering an effective strategy of preventative maintenance. This can save you significant amounts of time, money and frustration in the long run. And that means being able to enjoy the peacefulness and beauty of your aquatic features all the more.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Water Feature, Aquatic Maintenance.

Your Mental Health

By Patrick Simmsgeiger, Founder of DWI


It’s part of your organization. This lake, stream, pond, or this pain. Oftentimes property owners build a pond or lake thinking they fare well for the community.

Every water feature requires attention. They all experience problems; some seen; some unseen. All of these issues need to be attended to. Counties and States are addressing water conditions in their locales, are your troubles being dealt with?

Once in place, the initial design of a water feature is crucial to proper function. The features have been completed, filled and the project turned over an Association. Characteristics will have to be dealt with as is and not altered. The lake specialist may bring to your attention the design, or lack of. Just as man has toyed with nature, man has toyed with his idea of “natural” water.

Example:  Your water feature has slimy globs of green matter covering the surface. There are huge tangles of grass floating from the bottom. The water is pea green. Two pumps have stopped working. A large number of fish are either dead or dying. The waterfall is clogged and the one remaining pump is making noises. You have several problems. All of the “answers” are different and you realize that only one thing is true… this is going to be costly.

There are two possible causes. First, there is a lack of money in the budget to cover treatment or repair. Second, after a few years the water features are just faulty.

There are two possible causes. First, there is a lack of money in the budget to cover treatment or repair. Second, after a few years the water features are juts faulty.

There are two possible solutions. First, prepare a budget that will authorize a lake maintenance crew to treat the grassy sludge. They will clear and dissolve the algae. You should approve the removal; repair or replacement of pumps and authorize the additional expense for new aeration, fish or plants. This should be a 1-2 month process. Second, find the three reputable maintenance companies, request bids, conduct interviews, hire a company and give notice to the current company. The longer you wait, the worse the condition will be. Your homeowner will become irritated and complain.

A budget; reserve planning and a regular maintenance program should be in place. The maintenance provider must be a professional. The company ought to provide proof of licenses, permits, general liability, workman’s comp, vehicle insurance; a proven track record along with long term references. Working with responsible management; a board of directors and professional maintenance crew will insure a quality of water environment.

Make a reserve study of repair costs, what is in need of replacement, or what has been repaired. Costs to replace pumps fish and plants should also be factored into a working budget. Also factor in the type of body of water you are dealing with.

A proactive solution to any problem is regular maintenance. The lake professional should have adequate options for repair or replacement issues; be educated on how to repair/ replace a float valve, pump, filter, coupling, or fill valve malfunction. Customer service and satisfaction is key. The company should also be able to distinguish between an urgent situation or non emergency.

The bottom line is to plan for your water feature’s maintenance and repairs by having a budget firmly in place. Hire a lake maintenance company that has a good reputation. Keep lines of communication open between the board, the management company and conservation company.

Remember, if you want to keep a lake healthy and balanced, use a professional of good reputation, regular safeguarding of the aeration, the filtration, the pumps, the aquatic plants, the water, and pest control is vital.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Water Feature, Aquatic Maintenance.

Bread and Ducks

By Lori Goodman


It’s a beautiful day, you gather up the family and a loaf of bread and head to the water to feed the ducks.

Ducks beg for our attention and our food, which makes them hard to resist. It’s great fun watching them gorge themselves on our leftovers, but the fact is, feeding ducks anything destroys their health and creates serious health risks to humans.  Once they get a taste for junk food they stop eating the healthy natural foods in their environment.

Wild and Domestic Duck Breeds are Not the Same

There are fundamental differences between wild and domestic ducks. Feeding them is not just bad for their health, it’s dangerous to our health too.

Wild Ducks

The colorful Mallards and other wild ducks you see on many lakes and ponds have bodies that allow them to fly. They are physically designed to eat natural foods growing in their environment to stay healthy and light for flight. Sometimes a specially formulated duck food is provided to them, but only under strict supervision of park officials, when wild ducks are in a man-made setting or natural foods are not available. When wild ducks are fed human foods their organs become engorged and fatty on the inside and they quickly die from malnutrition, heart disease, liver problems, and other health complications. An overfed, malnutritioned duck is sluggish and can’t escape from predators. Feeding wild ducks adversely affects natural migration patterns, which are critical for their ongoing survival.

Domestic Ducks

Domestic breeds, like the popular Pekin, a white duck with orange beak and feet (think AFLAC), are physically limited, Domestic ducks that you often see swimming alongside wild breeds do not belong in wild settings. They have been bred on farms for hundreds of years for meat or egg production. Some of these ducks become pets in private homes.

Domestic breeds are not born with fine-tuned instincts and resources of wild ducks. Nearly all domestic breeds can’t fly. They rely on humans for their daily care and feeding and are especially vulnerable to predators. They due quickly in the wild, mostly from complications from being fed human foods. Predatory attacks are common because domestic ducks can’t fly away to safety. They die of starvation in winter months in cold climates where food resources become scarce. Feeding these stranded ducks might seem like the only way to save them, but in fact it is attracting more trouble than they can handle. Calling a wildlife rehabilitation expert is the most humane course or action. Feeding them is not the answer.

Under controlled conditions such as on farms or in private homes, domestic ducks are fed a balanced diet to maintain their health until they are

  1. ready for slaughter;

  2. to keep them healthy for egg laying;

  3. to maintain the long term health of a family pet.

Depending on the use for the duck, whether food or as a pet, the balance of nutrients will change slightly. The food routinely purchased in feed stores and pet shops is a staple food. A pet duck can be given treats occasionally as long as the staple food remains the main source of nutrition.

Without Predators You’d Have Parks Full of Dead, Rotting Ducks

Domestic breeds are seen more and more in parks and other wild settings because they are dumped there by the thousands every year, typically in the months following Easter. These ducks increase in numbers every year not because they reproduce at a natural place. People “release” these ducks with the misconception that they are returning them to their natural environment. The natural environment for a domestic breed of duck is a farm. Dumped ducks don’t survive long, they have imprinted on humans and rarely die of natural causes in a wild setting.

Feeding domestic ducks living in “wild” settings encourages over-breeding. Ducks become unnaturally aggressive towards each other and a nuisance to humans. They lose their fear and will cross a busy highway to get to people with potential handouts. They die in greater numbers than most people realize because a dead or dying duck is preyed on before the body is found by humans.

Without predators to carry them off you’d have parks full of dead, rotting ducks. Such a horrific sight would shock most of us enough to stop feeding them.

So many people are feeding the ducks that uneaten food is left to rot. Decaying food pollutes the water and attracts animals that prey on ducks and can be a danger to people. Rats and bugs eat the leftovers and become a dangerous nuisance. In a matter of days, rotting food forms dangerous molds and spawns disease. Diseases traced back to scattered food include Salmonella and Botulism. These may be contracted by humans, especially children. In addition, Aspergillus and Duck Virus Enteritis kill of entire duck populations. In some cases a disease outbreak makes euthanized entire waterfowl communities the only option in order to eradicate the spread of disease to more animals and humans.

A Duck Will Eat Anything

Are there any safe treats? The answer is no. It is unsafe to feed waterfowl any foods, even in urban settings. You may think just a “little something” won’t hurt, or see others doing it and feel entitled too. For every person you see feeding them there are dozens more you don’t see.

Human Ignorance is a Duck’s Worst Enemy

Pet stores and animal shelters can play a part in educating the public about the dangers of feeding ducks. School children can be taught that respecting and protecting wildlife means not feeding them. Signs posted in urban areas, and laws prohibiting feeding ducks can be passed and enforced. In settings where domestics are encouraged by trained caretakers and feeding is allowed, feeders containing foods that are safe for ducks can be implemented. I’ve seen highly populated areas that provide feeders with proceeds going to local charities.

Food Attracts More than Just Ducks

  1. Feeding ducks attracts rats, pests, and predators that kill ducks and endanger humans.

  2. Rotting food pollutes the water and breeds deadly diseases and parasites. . .

  • A single outbreak of Duck Virus Enteritis (caused by artificial feeding) kills all of the ducks.

  • Uneaten food quickly forms a deadly mold called Aspergillus; fatal to ducks without early diagnosis and expensive treatment.

  • Avian Botulism (caused by artificial feeding) kills entire waterfowl populations and hospitalizes people.

  • Artificially fed ducks emit a parasite causing a condition in humans called Swimmer’s Itch.

  1. Ducks defecate at the site of scattered food or bread, bacteria in feces creates much higher risks for illness or disease.

  2. Most waterfowl die-offs in the past 10 years have been attributed to artificial feeding.

  3. Food waste bobbing on the water’s edge is ugly.

  4. Ducks that are overfed create dangerous amounts of waste that harms fish and other animals living in ponds.

  5. Some foods like corn may be OK as a snack for ducks, but fish can’t digest it and die. Seeds cause severe cramping pain in ducks.

Please don’t feed the ducks.

“Good Luck’ can Kill a Duck

Coins and objects tossed into water are ingested by ducks and pose a serious health hazard. The amount of zinc in a single penny is enough to kill a duck. Ducks scour the bottom of ponds and lakes in search of food and ingest coins, hardware, fishing tackle and lead pellets. At home, screws, nails, paper clips, or any small objects found on the ground can be ingested by a pet duck. Objects should never be tossed into the water or left on the ground for a duck to find.

Foreign objects that can’t be digested quickly lodge themselves in the gizzard. As digestion begins the metal breaks down and toxins enter the bloodstream, bones, and muscle tissue. Symptoms of poisoning include weakness, diarrhea, collapse, and death. With early treatment by an avian specialist the duck has a small chance of survival. Treatment is expensive.

What You can do to Protect Your Local Ducks

The next time you are out enjoying your community’s lakes, ponds, canals, golf courses, and other places where ducks live, simply observe the beauty of the animals and refrain from interfering by feeding them.

Never toss coins or other objects into water where animals live.

Remember that ducks live much longer when they eat foods growing naturally in their environment.

Educate others about the dangers of feeding ducks. Most people don’t realize they are doing anything wrong, some mistakenly believe they are helping.

  • Tell people what you learned on the LiveDucks website.

  • Print this article and take it to school classrooms where ducks and chickens are studied.

  • Encourage Parks and Recreation Departments to post signs warning people about the dangers of feeding waterfowl and wildlife. This sign is posted in New York locations where waterfowl lives, and may be used withpermission.

Do your part and make a duck’s life safer, happier, better.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Wildlife & Insects.

Insects Resembling Mosquitoes

By Orange County Vector Control District 


GENERAL INFORMATION

There are a number of small flying insects present in Orange County that residents frequently confuse with mosquitoes. Though closely resembling mosquitoes, these insects are not equipped with the specialized mouth parts required to bit and take blood. Brief descriptions of the common mosquito-like flies or “gnats” most often encountered by Orange County residents are included on this information sheet.

Midges (Chironomidae)

Midges are the most prevalent group of mosquito-like flies that invariably are mistaken for mosquitoes. Midges are harmless and do not bite. They can be distinguished from mosquitoes by the absence of the beak (proboscis) and scales on the wings. When at rest, midges hold their wings in an inverted “V” pattern with the forelegs extended outward. Mosquitoes fold their wings over the back of the body with the fore legs “grasping” the surface upon which they have landed. The larvae of midges develop in all types of aquatic sources including, rivers, lakes, canals, and ornamental ponds. A few species have hemoglobin and are called “blood worms.” Large swarms of midges can occur periodically throughout the year at which time they can present quite a nuisance and a great deal of concern.

Dixid Midges (Dixidae)

This group of midges also resembles mosquitoes and will swarm during the evening near their aquatic breeding sources. Like the previous midges, these insects also lack a proboscis and scales on the wings. The larvae resemble and often are confused with the larvae of malaria mosquitoes (Anopheles). Periodically, dixids produce a large emergences, but only in local and certain ecological situations.

Moth Flies (Psychodidae)

Moth flies are small and “fuzzy” looking with speckled wings held in a tent-like posture over the back of the body. The adults are commonly found near highly polluted water sources and frequently will emerge in large numbers from abandoned swimming pools, ornamental ponds, and flooded utility vaults. Adults are known to emerge indoors from sink traps and bathtub drains, and are often seen on the walls of bathrooms and showers.

Crane Flies (Tipulidae)

Crane flies, popularly known as “mosquito hawks,” are not predacious and usually many times larger than a typical mosquito. They are common insects found in residential areas throughout Orange County. Adults are strongly attracted to porch lights where their presence becomes a familiar site to most residents. The larvae live in loose soil or organic matter and feed on the roots of plants. Although they resemble mosquitoes, crane flies are harmless and do not bite. When conditions are right in the spring, large larval populations may develop and produce large swarms of adults.

Fungus Gnats (Mycetophilidae)

These small dark flies are mostly 1/8 or 3/8 inches long. They are found here throughout the year where they inhabit damp, decaying organic matter such as leaf mold, manure, and organic fertilizers and mulches where the larvae feed, especially on fungus growth. Occasionally they may be found breeding within planter boxes for house plants where the moisture favors them. The larvae of the various species are mostly whitish, slender maggots with dark heads. Development from the egg stage to the adult gnat usually takes two to four weeks. The adults are often attracted to lights at night.

Dance Flies (Empididae)

Dance flies appear like mosquitoes by the way they swarm in sunlit areas in backyards and other sheltered situations. The vertical movements of the swarming adults gives them their common name. Day time activity of dance flies are not typical of mosquitoes which characteristically begin their flights shortly after sunset.

Biting, Midges, Punkies, and No-See-Ums (Ceratopogonidae)

These tiny bloodsucking flies are vicious daytime biters that breed in either saline or alkaline waters associated with vernal pools, coastal salt marshes, and mud-cracked flatlands. Adults of most species are less than 1/16 inch long and persons being bitten seldom witness bites in progress which gives these flies their colloquial name as “no-see-ums”. Individuals sensitive to their bites often will develop itching ulcerates sores that may persist for several weeks.

Mayfly (Ephemeroptera)

Adult mayflies are recognized by the way they hold their wings at rest and presence of two or three long “caudal” filaments at the tip of the abdomen. Though not even closely resembling mosquitoes, their seasonal occurrence at porch lights and on the walls of buildings near their aquatic breeding sources invariably attracts the attention of some concerned residents. The nymphs of mayflies develop in all types of aquatic habitats where they form an important part of the food chain. Adults are amongst the most short lived in the insect world surviving perhaps only hours to a few days after emergence.

Black Flies (Simuliidae)

Black flies are small, humpbacked, grayish-black flies that can inflict painful and irritating bite during daylight hours to both humans and animals. The larvae are typically found attached to objects such as gravel, rocks, or plants in flowing streams.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Wildlife & Insects.

Lake Dye: Are You Spending More Green ($) For Less Blue

By Patrick Simmsgeiger, Founder of DWI


For every problem there should be a simple solution. Diversified Waterscapes has developed a highly effective line of aquatic management solutions that are ecologically safe, affordable and easy to use. For problems caused by too much sunlight, which leads to unattractive water color, the solution is Formula F-40 Enviro-Blue.

F-40 Enviro-Blue is a lake dye that acts as a water shading and coloring agent that will screen U.V. rays while restoring discolored water to a natural ocean blue look.  This water-dying product is environmentally safe and non-toxic. F-40 Enviro-Blue contains U.V. blockers that screen out excess sunlight to rid water of that dirty, stagnate, off-color appearance and restores water features to maintain the appeal of a naturally beautiful environment.

Although each problem should have a simple solution, simplicity becomes convoluted by the overwhelming array of products on the market. It’s easy to become distracted and even misguided by marketing tactics or misleading product labeling. There are a significant number of lake dye products on the market. Of those there are a few that promote their product’s Environmental Protection Agency certification. Lake dye products are non-toxic. They do not have long-term effects. Further, they are biodegradable. The dye used in lake products is the same grade as food dye, and it is not harmful. EPA certification is not required for lake dye products. In fact, the ingredients contained within the EPA certified products match those of other brands on the market that do not boast this unnecessary certification.

Producers of lake dye products are not obligated to obtain EPA certification for their products. However some companies use this as a marketing tactic to imply that their product is more effective. The truth is, when searching for a quality lake dye product, you’re better off looking at “pure dye content.” Though frequently packaged by the gallon, when you’re buying lake dye you are not purchasing a gallon of actual dye; instead, you’re buying powdered pigment that has been diluted and is usually sold in gallon containers. If you’re wondering why you have to use so much of the product to maintain your desired ocean blue look and feel or why you have to use the product so frequently, you have likely selected a brand that is not sufficiently concentrated.

Formula F-40 Enviro-Blue lake dye is designed especially for use in reservoirs, lakes, ponds, streams, water hazards, aquariums, fountains, industrial ponds, fresh water and salt water bays. It is long-lasting, non-toxic, and will not discolor fish, animals or plant life. Due to its high concentration and solubility, F-40 Enviro-Blue begins demonstrating results within minutes, and will last for several weeks.

When selecting a lake dye to restore the color and clarity of your water features, make note of the products you are comparing prior to your final decision. You don’t want your purchase decision to be dictated by marketing tactics or fooled by the unnecessary EPA claims. If you pay attention to those claims or fall for the marketing tactics, it could end up costing you more time and more money for less blue.

Posted on April 16, 2014 and filed under Lake Maintenance.